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24.0 Amines and heterocycles
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24.1 Nomenclature of amines
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24.2 Properties of amines
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24.3 Basicity of amines
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24.4 Basicity of substituted arylamines
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24.5 Biological amines and the H-H equation
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24.6 Synthesis of amines
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24.7 Hoffman elimination
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24.8 Reactions of arylamines
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24.9 Heterocycles
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24.10 Spectroscopy of amines
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23.0 Carbonyl condensation reactions
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23.1 Aldol reaction
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23.2 Carbonyl condensations vs. alpha alkylation
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23.3 Dehydration of aldol products - enones
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23.4 Using aldol reactions in synthesis
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23.5 Mixed aldol reactions
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23.6 Intramolecular aldol reaction
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23.7 The Claisen condensation reaction
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23.8 Mixed Claisen reactions
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23.9 Intramolecular Claisen condensations - Dieckmann
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23.10 Conjugate carbonyl additions - Michael reaction
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23.11 Carbonyl condensations with enamines - Stork reaction
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23.12 Robinson annulation
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Summary of carbonyl condensation reactions
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22.0 Carbonyl alpha-substitution reactions
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22.1 Keto-enol tautomerism
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22.2 Reactivity of enols
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22.3 Alpha halogenation of aldehydes and ketones
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22.4 Alpha bromination of carboxylic acids - HVZ reaction
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22.5 Acidity of alpha hydrogens - enolate formation
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22.6 Reactivity of enolate ions
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22.7a Alkylation of enolate ions
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22.7b Malonic and acetoacetic ester syntheses
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22.7c Direct alkylation of ketones, esters, nitriles
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21.0 Carboxylic acid derivatives
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21.1 Naming carbox acid derivatives
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21.2 Nucleophilic acyl substitution
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21.3 Reactions of carboxylic acids
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21.4 Chemistry of acid halides
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21.5 Chemistry of acid anhydrides
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21.6 Chemistry of esters
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21.7 Chemistry of amides
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21.8 Biological thioesters and acyl phosphates
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21.9 Polyamides and polyesters
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21.10 Spectroscopy of CADs
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20.1 Nomenclature of carboxylic acids
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20.2 Structure and properties of carboxylic acids
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20.3 Biological acids and the H-H equation
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20.4 Substituent effects on acidity
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20.5 Preparation of carboxylic acids
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20.8 Spectroscopy of carboxylic acids
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19.1 Aldehydes and ketones
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19.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
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19.3 Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones
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19.4 Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones
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19.5 Hydration of aldehydes and ketones
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19.6 Addition of HCN - cyanohydrin formation
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19.7 Addition of Grignard and hydride reagents - alcohol formation
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19.8 Addition of amines - imine and enamine formation
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19.10 Addition of alcohols - acetal formation
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19.11 The Wittig reaction
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19.13 Conjugate addition to unsaturated aldehydes and ketones
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19.14a Spectroscopy of aldehydes and ketones
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19.14b Spectroscopy answers
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18.1 Nomenclature of ethers
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18.2 Synthesis of ethers
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18.3 Acidic cleavage of ethers
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18.5 Cyclic ethers, epoxides
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18.6 Ring-opening of epoxides
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18.8 Thiols and sulfides
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18.9 Spectroscopy of ethers
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17.1 Nomenclature of alcohols and phenols
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17.2 Properties of alcohols and phenols
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17.3 Preparation of alcohols
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17.4 Alcohols from reduction of carbonyl compounds
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17.5 Alcohols from the Grignard reaction
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17.6a Reactions of alcohols
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17.6b Tosylates
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17.6c Dehydration and esterification
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17.7 Oxidation of alcohols
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17.8 Protection of alcohols
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17.11 Spectroscopy of alcohols
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16.1 EAS - bromination
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16.2 Other aromatic substitutions
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16.3 The Friedel-Crafts reaction
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16.4 Substituent effects in aromatic rings
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16.5 An explanation of substituent effects
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16.6 Trisubstituted benzenes - additivity of effects
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16.9 Oxidation of aromatic compounds
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16.10 Reduction of aromatic compounds
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16.11a Synthesis of trisubstituted benzenes
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16.11b Synthesis answers
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16.11c A challenging example
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15.0 Benzene and aromaticity
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15.1 Sources and names of aromatic compounds
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15.2 Molecular orbitals of benzene
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15.3 Aromaticity and the Huckel rule
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15.4 Aromatic ions
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15.5 Aromatic heterocycles
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